Bangladesh

TAPE 1 2/25/97 BANGLADESH RICKSHAWS
01.00.24 Street scenes with rickshaws
01.00.58 Close ups of rickshaws passing by
01.01.19 Man hauling boxes on rickshaw
01.01.35 Women passenger in rickshaw
01.01.52 Rickshaw from behind, going down street
01.02.06 "school bus" rickshaw
01.02.16 Bearded man on rickshaw passing by
01.02.22 Rickshaw carrying rubber slats
01.02.31 Man with basket on head
01.02.50 More street scenes with baby taxis
01.03.07 Low angle street scenes with pollution and cars and baby taxis
01.03.50 Hand-pulled bamboo rickshaw for hauling from right
01.04.02 Close up of painting on baby taxi - pan up to passengers & driver
01.04.11 Painting on back fender of baby taxi
01.04.15 More street scenes
01.04.36 Handle bars of rickshaw with decorations - pan up to woman passenger
01.04.46 Close up of wallah's face
01.04.52 More street scenes
01.05.31 Low angle of rickshaw
01.06.14 Tight shot of 2 rickshaws side by side by the wheels
01.06.25 Pan up to wallah's face as he gets off seat
01.06.28 Street scene with policeman directing traffic
01.06.36 Basket of star pears on the curb - pan up to pedestrian faces
01.06.50 rickshaw going down street in Old Dhaka
01.07.15 Tobacco and paan vendor with customers
01.07.50 Vendor preparing paan l if w/lime paste & bettlenut
01.09.10 Close up of man chewing paan
01.09.20 Man putting lime paste in mouth
01.09.37 Close up of elderly man with gray hair & beard
01.09.55 Market vendors making pastry filled with meat & spices
01.10.07 Metal rims of rickshaw wheels - pan up to back of colorful new rickshaw
01.10.25 Street scene in Old Dhaka
01.10.50 Close up shot of tires in pile used for rickshaws- people in background
01.11.31 Close up of man's face - goes into street scene
01.12.15 Pile of rickshaw bamboo frames on right of street - pan up to street (frames in foreground)
01.12.42 Close up of cinema stars pictures on front of rickshaw - pan up to wallah back to seat - back to wallah
01.13.06 Street scene of Old Dhaka
01.13.45 View from rickshaw going down the street - pile of frames to the right
01.13.59 Street congestion
01.14.10 Mangy dog laying down on sidewalk
01.14.27 Little boy running down street amongst rickshaws and frames
01.14.49 Low angle pile of garbage with 2 men walking through it
01.15.08 Woman with basket on head coming down an alley with other people
01.15.22 Woman with basket on head walking away down alley
01.15.41 Boy painting iron work of some kind
01.16.09 Close up of little boy's face
*01.16.48 Young boy in sunlight in alley / Old Dhaka
01.17.36 Young boy from different angle - sitting in shop
01.17.49 Two men playing board game
*01.18.09 Two young men smiling, looking out second story window
01.18.22 Wider angle shot of above shot - Close up to 2 young men, third appears
01.18.53 Shot of second story sewing shop with young boys
01.19.00 Crowd in alley
01.19.31 Man at sewing machine
01.19.47 Street scene - pan left to kids in school bus
01.20.01 Street scene with big cart of watermelons
01.20.25 Wallahs at rickshaw stand working on their rickshaws - hammering through spokes, etc.
*01.21.13 Left pan up to colorful rickshaw seat with peacocks and birds
01.21.24 Zoom in to Wallah smoking cigarette through handlebars
*01.21.38 Guys sitting around working on repairs - hammering metal with chisel
*01.22.38 Close up of man hammering with chisel
01.22.49 Men having tea at workshop area
01.23.17 Row of men at typewriters typing advertisements and documents
*01.23.48 Pan left to rickshaw Wallah - Close up to his face - pan left
01.24.15 Shot of front of rickshaw from wheel up to passengers - 2 men
01.24.24 Rickshaw passes by to shot of colorful back of rickshaw pulling away
*01.24.29 Shot of Wallah (medium) between 2 rickshaws canopies
01.24.37 Little girl in rickshaw with man (father) to close up of man's face
01.24.52 Boy in small shop looking out
01.25.16 Young boy walking with hands full of live chickens hanging upside down
01.25.46 Zoom in on chickens hanging by feet, wings flapping - pan up to boy's face - back to chickens
01.25.56 Dentist on side of street examining patient¹s mouth
01.26.06 Dentist preparing instruments - shot of his tools, etc. - pan up right to patient
*01.26.47 Close up of baby girl in man's arms - good basket in background
01.27.14 Baby starts to cry
01.27.33 Mother appears to get baby
01.27.53 Baby starts to giggle and smile

TAPE 2 DHAKA - 2/25/97
02:00:26 Rickshaw wallah interview/ first interview
02:00:32 Q: How many kilometers do you drive a day?
A: Approximately 100 kilometers a day.
02:00:36 Q: Is this a dangerous job?
A: Yes, a very dangerous job.
02:00:40 Q: Do you earn good money?
A: No, so-so. Not great.
02:00:40 Q: How many people do you have in your family?
A: Four.
02:00:53 Q: How many years have you driven this rickshaw?
A: 8 - 10 years.
02:00:58 Q: In this occupation, in the monsoon season, do you earn more money? Does your earning increase or decrease?
A: Yes, it goes up a little. Thank you. Same interview again./2nd take - Better interview
02:01:20 Q: How many kilometers do you drive a day?
A: Some days I drive 100 kilometers, others 50, depending on the traffic jam.
02:01:28 Q: Is this a dangerous job?
A: Yes, its very hazardous, a lot of traffic jams, a lot of cars, buses, congestion. A lot of people do not know how to drive. A lot of new drivers.
02:01:40 Q: Is this a good occupation for you?
A: No, its a lot of physical endurance - a lot of traffic jams that are dangerous and very little money.
02:01:55 Q: With this money, how many people do you support?
A: My family has four members. I support all four of them.
02:02:05 Q: How many years can you drive this rickshaw?
A: Eight to ten years more.
02:02:11 Q: During the monsoon season, do you¹re earnings go up? A: Monsoon season, my earnings go down because of the rain. People come from the village to city for work. A lot of traffic jams and less work. End of interview.
02:02:30 Shot of baby taxis
02:02:45 Rack focus of street congestion
02:03:25 Rickshaw comes down street
02:04:00 Wallah wearing mask - tight to pan left
02:04:33 Passenger getting into rickshaw
02:04:45 Two women passengers
02:04:55 More rickshaw passengers
02:05:13 Pan from signs to rickshaw congestion
02:05:45 More rickshaw congestion
02:06:20 Shots of feet pedaling rickshaws
02:07:05 Rickshaws going down small street
02:07:13 More street scenes
02:07:25 Baby taxi
02:07:55 Passenger with mask
02:08:15 Back of rickshaw
02:08:30 Little girl in rickshaw
*02:08:35 Backs of rickshaws down street
02:09:07 Star's face on back of rickshaw (women)
*02:09:33 Rickshaw for hauling
02:09:45 Rickshaw for hauling
02:09:55 Rickshaw for hauling - hauler with mask
02:10:05 Flatbed rickshaw with passenger
02:10:15 More street scenes with buses and painted trucks
02:11:27 Pan left to right of rickshaw ending on white bearded man's face
02:11:43 Pan left to right of rickshaw ending with white-bearded man looking at camera
02:11:52 More congestion
02:12:12 Motorcycles
02:12:20 Low angle of traffic
02:12:37 Tight shot of colorful rickshaw art
02:13:00 Children in rickshaw school bus
02:13:25 Congestion with rickshaw in foreground
02:13:36 Tight shot of bus with passengers
02:13:50 Rickshaws with passengers
02:13:58 Karrzon Hall (red building)
02:14:15 Street market with Bengal tiger statues in foreground
02:14:24 Girl in green sari with baby and market shot
02:14:43 Nut and spice street vendor
02:15:03 Interview with rickshaw passenger (Bengali) UNUSABLE
02:15:37 Businessman rickshaw passenger interview (English)
Q: Why is a rickshaw a good way to get around town?
A: I ride a rickshaw to different parts of Dhaka city for my business purpose.
02:15:47 Q: How long are your trips generally?
A: Yes, 4 to 6 hours per day.
02:15:55 Q: How often do you use a rickshaw?
A: Several times a day.
02:16:03 Q: How often is that? A: Six to seven times a day.
02:16:12 Q: Is it a good means of transportation?
A: Yes.
02:16:18 Q: Why is a rickshaw a good way to get around Dhaka?
A: Because it is easier to reach my own destination.
02:16:28 Q:How often do you use a rickshaw each day?
A: Several times.
02:16:34 Q: Is it affordable? A: Yes, it's affordable and achievable.
02:16:31 Q: What is your usual destination?
A: From my home to my office.
02:16:48 Q: Do you use rickshaws when you're not working?
A: Yes. Thank you. Businessman rickshaw passenger interview (Bengali)
02:16:57 Q: Why is a rickshaw a good way to get around Dhaka?
A: It¹s very convenient to get around the city. Dhaka city has a lot of traffic jams and it's easier to get around the city.
02:17:10 Q: Do you use them often?
A: From my home to my office, it takes an hour.
02:17:19 Q: Do you use them for more than one type of use? Is it more than to and from the office?
A: Yes, riding a rickshaw is very comfortable.
02:17:22 Q: Is it affordable transportation?
A: Yes, I believe so. Thank you.

TAPE 3 DHAKA - 2/26/97 (tape counter not reset)
02:37:47 Tight shot of handlebars on rickshaw
02:32:02 2nd tight shot of handlebars
02:32:15 Rickshaw interiors
02:33:15 Pan up to rickshaw wallah's face from interior
02:34:03 Pan from left to right & right to left from handlebars to little boy's face then up to rickshaw
02:34:34 Low angle of rickshaw taking off
02:34:35 2nd low angle of rickshaw taking off - best
02:35:07 Same rickshaw taking off but from back
02:35:23 Pan from sprocket to painting and back down
02:35:45 Street scene with rickshaw in foreground and angle three wheel spokes
02:36:30 Scene from under hauling rickshaws
02:37:00 2nd scene from under hauling rickshaws
02:37:22 3rd scene from under hauling rickshaws
02:37:35 Top of hauling rickshaw at little boy on top
02:38:00 Little boy's face sitting on top of hauling rickshaw
02:38:15 Slow push into little boy's face
02:38:35 Pull back from his eyes
02:38:45 Push back into face
02:38:55 Another little boy, first by himself then with others
*02:39:25 Little boy puts head on others shoulder - great
02:40:12 Shot through back of rickshaw
02:40:34 Young girl with baby in arms RESET TAPE COUNTER
03:00:03 Street vendor selling cigs and rolling up leaves
03:01:57 Various shots of women from Eden College
03:02:25 Black veiled girl in rickshaw
03:02:40 Various women shots
03:05:04 Pans up to sign from 2 girls walking out of Eden College
03:05:37 More women/girls walking
03:06:36 Various shots women with rickshaw in foreground
03:06:46 Girl in rickshaw getting out
03:07:04 Construction site - women carrying crushed bricks in baskets on their heads
03:07:45 Man shoveling brick chips
03:10:30 Wallah pumping up rickshaw tire
03:10:49 Women carrying brick chips on head
03:11:12 Poverty
03:12:20 Mother bathing child
03:13:08 Man with mask - wallah
03:13:49 Face of little boy
03:14:27 Dhaka's University - various shots - Establishing shots at university
03:20:13 Dhaka University Library
03:21:15 Shot of High Court

TAPE 4 2/26/97
04:00:30 Pollution from baby taxi - exhaust fumes
04:04:55 Vegetable market (has women shopping)
04:12:20 Women carrying big bales of their heads
04:12:55 Man bathing at market
04:14:30 Village scenes - street scenes
04:15:15 Wallah working on wheels - tightening
04:15:40 Two boys
04:16:10 Rickshaw stand
04:16:19 Rickshaw ornaments on handlebars - pan down to feet on pedals
04:16:30 Street scene - rickshaw stand & covers
04:17:05 Rickshaw covers - sewing - stitching on ornaments to fabric - Old Dhaka vinyl fabric
04:19:48 Little boys in rickshaw through back
04:20:08 Man with sack on head
04:20:21 Banner with brand new rickshaw out front of stitching shop
04:20:40 Wooden rickshaw base - seat at early stage of construction
04:21:15 Pan down from banner to new rickshaw
04:21:22 Old Dhaka rickshaw wallah line up
04:22:27 Handlebars to passengers - pan up
04:22:40 Artwork - painting on back of rickshaw - close up
*04:22:57 Pull back and up to boy looking through back
04:23:34 Spokes of rickshaw wheel to art on back
04:24:08 Barber shop
04:24:24 Group of kids
04:25:04 Phulki Day Care Center in village - sign and kids at entrance
04:25:35 Shot of daycare through window of kids and teacher
04:25:50 Inside of center - kids with teacher and activities
04:28:40 Daycare wall with artwork, etc. (Phulki Org) - pan down to kids and teacher - back up to art
*04:29:17 Babies sleeping in hammocks at daycare - peapods
04:29:40 Children entering school
04:30:05 Homes surrounding daycare center
04:30:53 Palm - pan down to family yard

TAPE 5 05:00:24:18
Shot of village street in Kalachadpur - woman walking across street with little boy in her arms, rickshaw passing by
05:00:35:29 Woman walking on side of street with little girl holding her hand up to
05:00:38:28 little boy standing in front of a wall smiling - rickshaw with a father, mother & infant pulls up
05:00:45:17 Woman standing in village street with a basket on her head - young boy in background
05:00:54:25 Young girl doing laundry
05:01:09:14 Zoom in closer to just her hands & laundry wringing and rinsing
05:01:44:04 Shot of girl doing laundry from above
05:01:48:10 Pan up to laundry hanging to dry above her
05:01:52:00 Pan down to her
05:01:58:01 Pan back up to laundry hanging & back down to girl
05:02:04:20 Mother preparing meal in kitchen, cutting garlic
05:02:11:22 Pots on the stove with rice & curry dish boiling
05:02:18:08 Pan up to mother preparing food from stove
05:02:24:22 Shot of her hands preparing garlic & other ingredients
05:02:28:04 Close-up of her slicing garlic on big knife
05:02:37:22 Pan up from her hands to her face - back down to knife
05:02:46:17 Shot of garlic in dish - pan left to boiling rice - back to knife
05:02:57:23 Wide shot of mother in kitchen stirring pot
05:03:09:01 Woman buttoning little boy's jacket - pan up to her standing
05:03:16:10 Two brothers - older helping younger with studies - counting
05:03:35:00 Same shot as above, but from left angle
05:03:42:17 Shot from above of brothers doing homework
05:03:51:20 Side shot through window of two brothers doing homework
05:04:21:18 Pull out from window and zoom back in
05:04:35:29 Shot from above of two studying
05:04:48:27 Close-up of school book with younger boy's hand pointing to words and brother's hand with pencil
05:04:57:12 Lower angle Close-up of above
05:05:03:24 Pan up to younger boy's face from book through window
05:05:10:28 Pan back down to book and back up to young boy
05:05:25:10 Woman purchasing item from shop keeper
*05:05:47:01 Woman breaking bricks on brick pile - side shot with hammer
05:05:59:22 Low 3/4 angle shot of woman breaking bricks with older woman in background watching
05:06:45:16 Shot from over woman's shoulder as she hammers- pan left to older woman watching and back
05:06:58:11 Calf lying down in yard
05:07:28:24 Apartment building recently constructed
05:07:31:24 Pan down from new apartment house to shanty house - shelter directly below
05:07:37:10 Shot from low angle up of apartment house - pan down to cows below in front of shanty house
05:07:51:13 Wider shot of apartment house down to wider shot of cows, shanty house & young men
05:07:59:27 Wide shot of apartment house down to more cows and young men
05:08:10:04 Woman cooking meal and stirring pot
05:08:26:21 Woman cooking meal from different higher angle - left uncovers pot and stirs it
05:08:43:25 Second take of same shot above
05:09:04:10 Men in windows at construction site - pan up each floor and back down to workers
05:09:18:22 Little girl in yard with other children in background - little boy on bike
05:09:28:28 Close-up of little boy's face - pan back to little girl
05:09:39:02 Close-up of little girl's feet in sandals (flip-flops) - pan up to her face
05:09:53:12 Pull out from little girl's face to yard with mother cooking in background
05:10:00:14 Pan right to little boy in yard - back to little girl
05:10:11:21 Tighter shot on her face
*05:10:20:12 Close-up of woman construction worker - pan down to feet and back up to face
05:10:34:12 Close-up - tighter shot of her face looking straight into the camera
*05:10:45:45 Close-up of elderly woman's face with bright blue shawl - bricks in background
*05:11:00:25 Close-up of two women construction workers - 1 side profile - 1 front, expressions changes
05:11:23:19 Construction site - pan left to their saris and up to their faces - close-up
*05:11:45:10 Tighter close-up of their faces
05:11:46:15 Woman on left - expression really changes - very blank
05:11:55:27 Pan down the front of them to their hands and back up again to their faces
*05:12:04:19 Phulki Organization daycare center at Continental Garment Factory in Dhaka -babies sleeping, daycare worker tending to and holding baby
05:12:16:08 Babies napping - pan right to daycare worker with 2 children - woman smiling
05:13:04:15 Face front shot of daycare worker holding baby, another baby in her lap
05:13:14:20 Tighter shot of woman with baby to close-up of baby's face - to tight shot with daycare worker
05:13:31:20 Pan down right to baby in her lap and up to her and other baby
05:13:48:20 Close-up of baby's face in her lap
05:13:58:08 Very tight close-up of daycare worker's and baby's face - she nuzzles baby's cheek
05:14:22:25 Close-up of little girl's face in flowered dress - other children in background
05:14:37:26 Little girl eating puffed rice from bowl
05:14:56:23 Close-up of bowl in her hands with puffed rice and her eating
05:15:33:29 Hanging laundry/blankets above children in daycare - breeze blowing
05:15:41:14 Pan down to wide shot of daycare area
05:15:48:03 Shot of charts and organizers on wall - pan down to children napping and daycare worker
05:15:55:48 Pan left to full shot of room - up to wall
05:16:01:04 Female garment worker sewing at Continental Garment Factory in Dhaka
05:16:19:19 Close-up of woman's hand pushing material through sewing machine
05:16:26:23 Woman measuring and laying out material - workers in the background
05:16:37:01 Close-up of sewing machine and woman's hands feeding material through
05:16:46:10 Pan up to side of her face - rack focus
05:16:56:12 Front shot of woman at sewing machine working
05:17:05:19 Another woman sewing - pushing material through machine
05:17:26:27 Third woman at sewing machine
05:17:41:24 Side shot of woman at sewing machine - close-up
05:18:13:27 Wider shot of factory floor - women working
05:18:16:11 Pan left to more of factory floor and medium shot of woman sewing
05:18:28:28 Wider shot of woman sewing - pan right across room
*05:18:43:28 Interview with factory worker that has her baby in the daycare center
Q: How has having a daycare center made it easier for you to work?
A: Yes, because now I don¹t need to worry about my baby boy. I can work freely.
05:19:15 Q: What type of care does your child get while here?
A: They take care of the baby properly. He gets proper food.
05:19:27 Q: What did you do before daycare?
A: Before the daycare, I had to leave my baby at home with a neighbor. I did not feel comfortable. I don't know if she gave her the proper food and care or not. I was always worrying about my baby while I was at work. Now I feel comfortable with the daycare and my baby is well taken care of.
05:19:46:11 Interview ends - woman resumes sewing
05:20:04:22 Side shot of woman interviewed, sewing
05:20:26:23 Front shot with bobbin in front of woman just interviewed sewing
05:20:48:20 Close-up of bright blue material being stitched - woman's hands pushing it through
05:20:54:05 Pan up to close-up of woman sewing
05:21:59:10 Interview with Nargis Akter of FemCom (President) in her office in Dhaka (Bengali)
Q: Were there any difficulties for you as a female starting your own company in Bangladesh?
A: Bengali women for a while now have been involved in businesses that follow traditional roles. For example, boutiques, tailors, handicrafts; a variety of handy works. But what we did, audio and visual, run by a women; that's non-traditional. And when we started, it's not like I didn't face any problems. We didn't have major problems, but we had problems. The problems arose from two places. One was family and the second, society. Personally, myself, I did not face resistance from my family because my husband was very supportive and relatives were supportive also. But society could not handle the fact, a woman wanted to step into the film industry. Especially the fact that I introduced a new concept in which I built a company where I was the head of the company where I would supervise other people to do their jobs. That was not my objective. Instead I created a crew consisting of women. I recruited fresh college graduates and gave them an opportunity to develop their skills and train them to perform well. I also gave them job opportunity in my company. What separates us is that we are introducing women to the film industry. Women behind the cameras or performing technical jobs was not accepted in society. It still is not accepted. Initially the problems we faced is that people didn't want to give us any jobs. So we had to fight and prove we had superior quality. As a result, we are now performing well under pressure and running our company to full capacity. Especially as women in development, we have been able to use video as an advocacy tool. Nationally and internationally our productions are being broadcasted. We opened a new program in which we keep a women's crew who have been covering news over the world. They are covering national and international incidents which are being broadcast. Now I'm not facing any problems.
05:22:30 Q: Tell me about your programs with young disadvantaged women in your company.
A: Every year we start a group of new students, especially for women. A lot of different categories and backgrounds. I've always encouraged the financially disadvantaged. For example, in my company the assistance they get is that they feel comfortable around me. I am their professional and family guardian. And what I've tried to do is whatever they are lacking in, I've tried to improve and trained them. The problems in other industries they would face are the fact that no one wants to hire inexperienced college graduates. In my industry they don't face these problems because we are training them to perform well.
05:25:00 Q: What other careers do you see women working in in Bangladesh?
A: Even today in Bangladesh there are some jobs that are acceptable for example, teaching is acceptable, eventhough at one time my husband encouraged me to be a teacher, but my innovative talents and creative sense enabled me to open this business. And fortunately my family accepted my choice. Banking any desk job, secretarial jobs, any computer operating, garment workers in lower income groups. These are jobs that women have been performing for the last 10 years. And people are used to seeing them perform these and they can accept specifically these jobs are for women that the type of jobs that women are involved in. In our non-traditional company, very few women are willing to work.
05:26:22 Q: What difficulties, if any, do women encounter in Bangladesh when they try to gain work in non-traditional jobs.
A: A variety of problems, for example, if the woman is married the first problem comes from her in-laws side or from her husband. Because in a non-traditional job you have to fight. It's not a smooth ride. In work, the scope or process of your work is not smooth. Everything is not smooth and when a woman gets involved in that, especially a married one who does not have the time to give to her family, and the family follows her responsibilities as a family member, that creates a lot of problems. Especially when a husband does not want his wife to be involved in a very non-traditional job and stay out long hours for her work. Even in lower income groups; it¹s the same. They don't want their wives to stay out too long. If it's a unmarried woman, it's worse, because it would hinder her chances of getting married. When a husband is searching for a wife, he looks at her credentials, her career, her job and then figures out how much time she can put into the family and follow her traditional role. When he observes a woman who works in non-traditional field and has innovative, creative job, he presumes automatically that she will not be able to give enough time to him or the family. END OF TAPE

TAPE 6 2/28/97
06:00:30 Interview with rickshaw artist painting in Old Dhaka Basically unusable)
06:00:45 Q: What are you painting? A: I am drawing Rosina (an Indian film star)
06:01:48 Q: Do you chose what you want to paint?
A: No. They order and I paint.
06:02:09 Q: What are you painting?
A: Rosina.
06:02:59 Q: Do you paint what you want to paint?
A: No. They order them and then I paint it and there¹s a time limit. This one has to be completed by today
06:03:01 Q: What do you like to paint and why?
A: no answer
06:03:24 Q: What do most people request - cinema stars?
A: Cinema stars and people in movies. What ever people want.
06:04:55 Q: Why do you paint movie stars?
A: Because that is what people want and what my teacher taught me.
06:06:05 Q: How do you feel when you see a rickshaw with your painting on it? A: I feel very proud and very good.
06:06:28 Q: Do you have to train to paint rickshaws?
A: I have to teacher that is not in the country right now. I have been training for the last 14 years.
06:06:50 Shots of kids
06:09:47 Shots of Old Dhaka neighborhood
06:10:20 Women pumping water at well
06:11:10 Man with basket on head in Old Dhaka
06:11:24 Grapes at fruit stand in foreground
06:11:50 (from elevation) Street scene - bridge in Old Dhaka
06:12:35 (from elevation) Street scene with banner - congestion with poor air quality - smog
06:13:13 (from elevation) Baby taxi stand
06:13:42 (from elevation) Rickshaws
06:13:50 (from elevation) Baby taxis and rickshaws
06:14:45 (from elevation) Watermelons on rickshaw for hauling - hand drawn
06:15:12 (from elevation) Street scenes pulled from palm trees
06:15:40 Pan from building with lots of signs to street level - Old Dhaka
06:16:03 Man with basket of melons on head
06:16:14 Ladies loading rickshaw with large bundles
06:17:05 Street scene with colorful cloth foreground - sari market
06:17:45 Street scene with colorful yellow flowers hanging upside-down
06:18:19 Sadarghat Harbor scenes - Dhaka
06:19:30 Water taxis
06:19:58 Bamboo barge
06:21:10 Pan from palm tree to harbor - 1st
06:21:45 Close up to water taxi landing with passengers
06:22:30 More taxis at landing - loading & unloading
06:23:25 Kids playing on old boat
06:23:57 Man with net fishing in harbor
06:25:18 Pull from man with net to harbor
06:25:45 Man bathing in harbor
06:26:07 Women - bright red outfit on dock - landing
06:26:35 Extended shot of harbor - telephoto - wide shot
06:27:30 Left to right pan of harbor
06:27:54 Street scene from elevation behind harbor
06:29:30 Garden on roof top
06:29:55 Pan from street scene to harbor
06:30:15 Children swimming in harbor
06:30:40 Kids playing on boat - water taxi - big barge of bamboo

TAPE 7 3/1/97
*07:02:34 Cows/Bulls pulling cart with bricks (brick breaking)
07:03:32 Mosque entrance - rickshaws passing by
07:05:35 Grapes hanging in market
07:05:52 Fruit and veggie stand
07:08:10 Bulls pulling cart
*07:09:06 High Court building
07:12:28 Prime Minister's Office / front gate
07:14:00 Bangladesh Air Force entrance gate
07:16:34 Parliament building
07:17:10 Tight shot of Bangladesh flag

TAPE 8 03/02/97 (time code says 03)
Polluted and garbage shots water village
03:00:37 Shanty pond town - pan to garbage, polluted water
03.01.00 Wide angle of above - pan to left to pond
03:01:26 Man in boat with net in pond
03:02:15 Pan from garbage to man with boat - close up (turtle?) in net
03:03:37 Chicken in garbage - pan to laundry & villagers
03:03:50 Pull from villagers to polluted water
03:04:13 Garbage under houses - tight shot
03:04:33 Pan from polluted water to lady
03:04:47 Man in boat with net in polluted water
03:05:40 Pan of polluted water with bugs swarming
03:05:41 Girl looking out window of shack
03:06:13 Second little girl (pan) out of windows
03:06:50 Pan from garbage up to children
03:07:07 Tight pan of garbage in polluted water
03:07:20 Garbage in polluted water
03:07:53 Pan from water to cows in village
03:08:20 Pan from cows to villagers
03:08:31 Man pulling fish out of water in net & pan to village
03:09:22 Village children in front of house with laundry and garbage
03:09:50 Pan from garbage up to lady
*03:10:00 Tight shot of lady's face behind laundry to kids
03:10:25 Garbage
03:10:54 Baby in mother's arms in doorway and various family members faces
*03:11:50 Faces of children
03:12:30 Pan of garbage to family
03:12:40 Pan from garden on rooftop to family
03:13:05 Girl stringing flowers - Dhaka
*03:14:00 Woman and girl stringing flowers (family)
03:15:18 Hanging strings of marigolds
03:15:40 Various strings of flowers
03:16:30 Rack focus - flowers
03:16:45 Hanging white flowers
03:17:26 Little boy walking, carrying long strings of marigolds - coming and going
03:18:03 Shot of rose and white flowers
03:19:20 Rack focus of hanging flowers of man's face
03:20:12 Flower market - wide shot Dhaka
03:20:52 Family stringing flowers (family working together)
*03:23:40 Rickshaw bamboo frame - construction of canopy frame, drilling holes tight shot hammering and wide shot
03:25:31 Woman in garbage bin removing refuse

TAPE 9 3/3/97
09:00:17:00 Man in brickyard loading bricks on head
*09:00:36:02 Two men stacking bricks on their head - other men walking by and putting wooden plate (level) on his head
09:00:49:26 Man carrying stack of bricks on his head - walking up a ramp past large stacks of bricks
*09:00:57:11 Walls of bricks - pull to two men walking by -back down to pit where men are stacking bricks on their head
09:01:21:10 Wide shot of brick pit - men going in & out
09:01:34:27 Pull into medium shot of brick pit
09:01:47:27 Wide shot of men in brickyard amongst rows of stacked bricks
09:02:08:14 Man half-running down path with bricks on head - others behind him carrying bricks
09:02:27:11 Close-up of man's legs and feet running down path
09:02:30:12 Pan up to his face and medium shot of another man's face
09:02:35:17 Men going in and out of pit between a corridor of bricks
*09:02:44:29 Man unloading bricks from his head and stacking them
09:02:51:15 Man unloading to his right
09:02:53:26 Other men come up the ramp through corridor of more bricks
09:03:03:26 Men walking with bricks on head
09:03:07:04 Man unloading bricks and stacking them (face forward shot)
*09:03:16:06 Tighter shot of men coming through corridor carrying bricks single file
09:03:41:06 Men extracting clay from pit with machinery - wheel turning in front of shot
09:04:06:05 Men lifting clay lumps from edge of pit and putting them in wheelbarrows
09:04:23:25 Shot of men in pit from above - back up to wheelbarrow
09:04:30:29 Top of man's head with stack of bricks from behind a row of bricks - sheep in the background
09:04:38:18 Sheep grazing behind brick piles
09:04:44:08 Pan left from grazing sheep to men in rows of bricks
09:04:56:24 Man with wooden plate on head going to get bricks - starts loading bricks- pan up to palm tree
09:05:08:24 Pull out from palm tree to two men loading up in brick field
09:05:40:27 Man sitting down on brick row - pull out to brick fields - men loading more bricks
09:06:30:20 Man walking with big stack on his head out of field
09:06:41:00 Shot of rows of bricks drying
09:07:00:10 Woman and man walking through brick rows - pull out to wide shot (long shot)
*09:07:27:22 Boy on little mound of earth with two smoke stacks from brickyard behind him - men walking in front of boy
09:07:49:20 Men walking with back to camera with bricks - two smoke stacks in background
*09:07:54:28 Tighter shot of two smoke stacks
09:08:11:08 Pull back from smoke stacks to men walking into pit
09:08:27:18 Two smoke stacks - man walking by with bricks
*09:08:45:20 Man coming out of pit with bricks - smoke stacks in background
09:09:00:05 Close-up of digging clay for bricks
09:09:14:20 Pull out to man digging - rickshaw in background
09:09:26:25 Close-up of man's legs in clay up to his knees
09:09:35:16 Pan up to his back as he digs
09:09:49:14 Shot down middle of two rows of bricks drying
09:10:00:29 Pull out from drying bricks with houses in background
09:10:17:04 Medium shot of brick rows with sheep walking by
09:10:33:00 End of row - cows in background with houses and farmer
*09:10:44:20 Men making bricks - putting clay in wooden brick molds
09:11:13:28 Man breaking off lumps of clay and sizing them for brick mold - rolling it like bread dough
09:11:37:07 Woman preparing meals for workers - men eating
09:12:05:18 Man drinking water from bowl in eating area
09:12:14:17 Pull out to pile of damaged bricks
09:12:35:06 Woman washing dish - pile of damaged bricks next to her - smoke stacks in background
09:12:44:11 Shot of laundry on line at brickyard - pan right to smoke stacks
09:12:53:10 Smoke stacks with heavy smoke - pull out to brick piles and man washing dishes
09:13:20:17 Little boy at brick yard - cook's son -shots of little boy's butt and legs as he walks through meal area
09:13:50:21 Carts being pulled by water buffalo on road outside of brickyard - heading towards camera
09:15:15:27 Rearview of oxen pulled carts going down the roadside - bus and other cars, baby taxis passing
09:15:35:11 Oxen Turn across road to right
*09:15:56:12 Oxen carts going down road through fields and farmland
09:16:56:23 Roadside village and shops on countryside (Mirzapur)
09:17:17:09 Kumudini Welfare Trust and Hospital billboard
09:17:20:10 Shot of pink flowers - pull entrance of Kumudini Library and Museum - establishing shot
09:18:11:21 Kumudini Hospital sign in Bengali - establishing shot with yellow flowers
09:20:19:27 Kumudini Hospital sign in Bengali - establishing shot with pink flowers
09:20:30:19 Pull out to wide shot with gardens and walkway
09:20:49:20 Sister/nun walking down pathway in front of hospital
09:20:54:20 Pan up to front of hospital and garden
09:21:04:22 Tighter shot of sign with flowers
09:21:13:02 Pull back - flowers in front
09:21:22:24 Pan left of hospital - back to sign
09:21:40:14 Duckweed ponds at Kumudini Welfare Trust Complex - Mirzapur - two men pushing rickshaw-like carts with bales on them
09:22:02:01 Man riding bicycle down walkway by ponds
09:22:06:01 Three men carrying duckweed in baskets on their heads
09:22:24:16 Take two of above
09:22:54:14 Two men carrying basket with duckweed to scale for weighing and putting it on the scale - man recording the weight
09:23:11:06 Low angle shot of men bringing duckweed up to scale and weighing process
09:23:24:12 Low angle shot with baskets with duckweed in foreground of weighing process
09:23:37:13 Taking basket off of scale - low angle - men walking away
09:23:50:00 Two men in small duckweed pond harvesting duckweed - banana tree shadows
09:23:54:26 One man harvesting duckweed with net - banana tree shadows
09:24:27:11 Close-up of duckweed in net and man skimming it up in net -banana tree shadows
09:25:13:14 Man lifting full net up from water
09:25:14:19 Second man skimming pool
*09:25:42:15 Man skimming duckweed walking into tree shadows
09:26:17:14 Close-up of duckweed on pond surface - pan over surface and pull out to pond
09:26:45:09 Close-up of pond - pull out to banana tree shadows
09:27:04:14 Reflection of two men carrying duckweed baskets on their heads next to fish pond
09:27:10:28 Pan up to men carrying baskets into boat
09:27:24:29 Pan down to reflections of men in boat
09:27:28:00 Pan up to men in boat putting second basket down
09:27:33:25 Men leaving boat
09:27:35:27 Shot of two baskets in boat
09:27:46:21 Reflection of two men in boat - pan up to them bringing more
09:28:02:10 Shot of boat with four baskets
*09:28:07:20 Two men in boat with duckweed to feed fish
*09:28:09:29 Medium shot of rowing out on pond to fish feeding area
09:29:06:28 Man dumping duckweed into fish feeding area
*09:29:48:06 Rowing to second site

TAPE 10 (time code says "9")
09:30:09:22 Wide shot of men poling/rowing across fish pond
09:30:34:14 Medium shot of boat with heron or crane on edge of pond and other birds - heron flying in
09:30:44:15 Arriving at second fish feeder and emptying basket
09:31:08:03 Pull in to man dumping baskets
09:31:33:00 Pull out to wide shot of pond and pan across fish pond
09:32:06:12 Cranes/heron on water's edge on bamboo poles
*09:32:12:15 Boat entering from left - birds flying
09:32:31:06 Pull out to wide shot - birds flying
09:32:56:18 Zoom in to boat/birds
*09:33:22:15 Boat at fish feeder - Three birds in background
09:33:25:22 Pull out to wide shot of fish pond
09:33:50:10 Shot of carp at surface of water - duckweed on surface
09:33:55:00 Zoom in to fish
09:34:07:09 Fish takes off
09:34:10:29 Second fish at surface - swims away
09:34:25:17 Zoom in to fish at surface - fades into water
09:34:49:13 Fish at surface - fades in and out
09:35:28:01 Little, tiny toad on duckweed leaves - close-up - second toad hops through
09:36:10:08 Tiny toad through grass blades - close-up
*09:36:17:24 Tiny toad hops over duckweed - grass blades in front
09:36:37:01 Close-up of duckweed - different shades of green
09:37:43:10 Close-up of hand scooping up duckweed (large duckweed - siprodelapolyrnihiza)
09:38:02:27 Second take of close-up of hand scooping up duckweed
*09:38:10:06 Close-up of duckweed in hand - finger spreading it around in palm pointing to different sizes
09:38:41:21 Full palm close-up with duckweed pointing to different size duckweed
*09:38:58:14 Shot of clear, clean water that has been purified - pans in and out
*09:40:01:06 Children in water - brother washing younger one - sister helping
09:40:20:25 Children washing and playing in irrigation ditch near duckweed site - clean water
09:40:23:20 Pump feeding clean water into irrigation ditch
09:40:31:00 Pan down to children from pumping water back to pump - back to kids -tighter shot
*09:41:08:04 Older boy rinsing off younger boy and taking him out of the water
09:41:20:14 Water sample being taken from second pond
09:41:50:00 Take two of water sample
*09:42:13:09 Close-up of man from waist down going to pond edge and collecting water sample
*09:42:28:06 Waste water being pumped from Kumudini Hospital
09:42:38:10 Pull back from pump to generator and first waste pond - pan over pond
09:42:59:13 Pan of first pond from left to right
09:43:26:08 Zoom into waste pump starting from generator
09:43:40:21 Pull back out of close-up from pump to generator in foreground
09:43:51:29 Wide shot of pond
09:44:04:13 Shot of pipe that pulls up to generator
09:44:35:22 Close-up of waste pipe - back to generator
09:44:50:07 Pond through banana trees - pan left to pond and back to trees
09:45:22:12 Banana trees in between ponds to first pond
*09:45:36:27 Second duckweed pond - Lemina minor duckweed - waste purifier - medium sized duckweed
09:45:58:02 Pan up to cow and calf on edge of pond - calf nursing - back down to pond
*09:46:28:10 Pan from pond to cow with calf nursing - back down to pond
09:46:42:06 Waste water being pumped into next pond - up to cow and calf
*09:47:11:11 Second duckweed ponds with banana tree shadows
09:48:07:00 Carp at surface feeding from duckweed
09:48:35:17 Close-up of fish's mouth feeding at surface
*09:49:52:20 Good close-up of fish eating
09:50:10:07 Pull out to fish feeder
09:50:28:25 Banana trees to fish feeder
09:50:40:24 Banana trees to fish feeder - medium shot
*09:50:52:27 Close-up of fish eating in feeder
09:52:55:12 Medium of fish feeder in pond
09:53:05:18 Birds on edge of pond (duckweed) (big lizard on log on embankment)
09:53:37:00 Birds take off in flight over pond
09:53:46:07 Birds on bamboo poles in pond - pull out to long, wide shot
09:54:16:28 Pan of two ponds linked together
09:54:35:07 Cow grazing - pull out to pond (third pond)
09:54:52:28 Zoom back in and pull out to third pond
09:55:23:22 Zoom back to wide shot of third pond again
09:56:03:22 Banana trees
09:56:14:21 Pull out to pond from banana trees
09:56:27:20 Zoom back in to banana trees and cow grazing
09:56:34:06 Pull out from cow to pond
09:56:45:28 Low angle shot of banana trees
09:56:53:25 Pan down to pond from trees
09:57:02:00 Pan down to pond from trees - second shot
*09:57:13:11 Ambulance pulling up to Kumudini Hospital entrance
*09:57:24:07 Close-up of ambulance - pan down from flowers
*09:57:40:12 Pan down from flowers to ambulance from rear

TAPE 11 3/3/97
(interview with fish farmer and overall view of duckweed project at Kumudini)
(Interview in Bengali - questions in English - translator interprets answers into English)
Q. Hi. Can you tell me your name, please, and your occupation?
11:00:41 A. Abdus Sattar (70yrs. old/Chairman of Village Enterprise) and he's involved in pisiculture and gardening.
Q. How has the fish farming program helped you and your family? (stop interview)
Q. Can you please tell me your name and what you do for a living?
11:01:20 A. My name is Abdus Sattar .
Q. And what do you do for work?
11:01:31 A. I'm involved in pisiculture and in gardening.
Q. How has this fish farming program helped you and your family?
11:01:54 A. I'm farming fish and sell it in the market, and I make profit. The last year I profit 68,000 taka and used this money for my family.
Q. What type of assistance are you getting from Prism Bangladesh?
11:02:31 A. I receive credit from Prism and getting technical support from Prism staff. They're advising me in how to feed fish and when to feed fish and how much to feed and I can reduce the cost of this project.
Q: How has this program increased your income?
11:03:13 A. We are introducing low cost feed for this project and we are also trying more less expensive fish feed.
Q. What has this program taught you about health and sanitation, especially for you and your family?
(retake of question 4)
Q. What has this program taught you about health and sanitation, especially for you and your family?
11:05:01 A. This project introduced a huge technology of * that fecal matter is going under ground, under water, and the duckweed is taking the waste from the water and growing duckweed and ***
Q. If you didn't have a duckweed or fish farming operation what would you do for income?
11:06:08 A. I would engage other business or in other professions. (start interview over again - without Lynn's voice - question is asked in Bengali and answered in Bengali with English interpretation)
11:06:47 A. My name is Abdus Sattar . I am fish farming and culturing different vegetables.
11:07:13 A. I am farming fish and making profit from the fish farm, and this income I am using for my family -- myself and for my family.
11:07:53 A. I'm getting credit and technical support, especially in the low cost feed for fish.
11:08:22 A. As I am introducing low cost fish meal so I can make more profit, I make more profit.
11:08:51 A. A special type of * has been introduced in this program and through which the fecal matter is going under water and the duckweed is up taking the nutrients from the waste water and that's not polluting the environment.
11:09:46 A. If there's no duckweed farming and fish farming either I would be engaged in business or any other gardening, or something like this.
11:10:17 Shot of (Abdus Sattar from interview above) walking around duckweed pond (different pans, pulls and close-ups)
11:14:52 Rural village scenes
11:15:07 Pan from saris hanging to children
11:15:12 Outhouse/latrine
11:15:27 Different angle of latrine
11:15:52 Pan from palm tree to thatched houses
11:16:09 Pull from villagers to wide scene
11:16:45 Pan down from tree to children in village
11:16:58 Interior of latrine
11:17:17 Ducks in duckweed pond and rice paddy in background (various angles)
11:20:15 Woman sweeping ground in village
11:20:41 Pan down from tree to village scene
11:21:10 Child holding baby
11:21:25 Little girl with shaved head
11:21:28 Woman washing clothes in bucket
11:21:43 Woman feeding chickens
11:22:08 Woman pumping water
11:22:51 Reflections of clothes in pond
11:23:16 Pull from flowers to pond
11:23:34 (shot from roof) Duckweed project at Kumudini Trust - various pulls, pushes and pans - nice bird shots
11:25:49 Man fertilizing duckweed pond
11:27:15 Bird life at duckweed project (Kumudini Trust)
*11:28:24 Silouhette of doves in palm tree
11:29:55 More bird life

TAPE 12 3/4/97
(fish harvest at duckweed project at Kumudini)
12:00:23 Men carrying net
12:00:56 Preparing net to be loaded into boats
12:01:21 Loading net into boat
12:02:00 Fish feeding on surface of pond (nice color)
12:03:15 Pulls from bird flying to pond (early morning)
12:03:48 Men carrying generator on poles
12:04:17 Men setting net from boat (various shots)
12:06:59 Tight shot of net in water
12:08:00 Boy walking on bank
12:08:17 Men pulling net (various shots)
12:09:16 Boys collecting fish with pots in water (various shots)
12:11:11 Men pulling net with boys collecting fish in pots in background
12:11:49 Boys collecting fish with pots in water (various shots)
12:13:34 Men pulling nets
12:14:12 Boys collecting fish with pots in water (various shots)
12:16:45 Gathering net in with fish jumping
12:18:34 Collecting fish out of nets - lots of fish in net - various shots
12:20:44 Carrying fish to baskets
12:21:16 Tight shots of fish in baskets
12:22:49 Weighing of fish
12:23:20 Recording weight
12:24:34 Collection of money for fish - various shots
*12:25:58 Silouhette of man in boat at sunrise
12:27:41 Removing net from pond - pan to men buying fish - various shots
12:28:28 Boy walking with pot on head
*12:29:10 Man calling fish by beating on tin canister
12:29:35 Duckweed drying process

TAPE 13 3/13/97 Kumudini Welfare Trust/Mirzapur, Bangladesh
13:00:36 Duckweed drying process continued
13:02:06 Kumudini Nurses Home - front gate with nurses walking out
13:02:44 Kumudini Welfare Trust - front gate - several shots
13:04:02 Registration desk at women's clinic
13:04:40 Weighing babies - several shots
13:05:15 Waiting room - several shots
13:05:49 Baby being given medication orally by nurse while in mother's arms
13:06:28 Baby being given a shot in upper thigh while in mother's arms - several babies
13:07:18 Stacks of hospital records
13:07:33 Group of women in room watching instructional videotape on healthcare and contraception
13:08:03 Sign of Kumudini Hospital, Family Welfare Centre - several shots
13:08:25 Mother and baby in hospital on the floor
13:09:41 Father holding baby and mother sitting on bed in hospital - several angles
*13:10:38 Mother nursing baby - pan up to mother's face - back to baby nursing - mother covers up
13:11:21 Nurses station
13:11:57 Man mopping floor in hospital
13:12:13 Man buying medicine at pharmacy
13:12:32 Doctors examine x-ray
13:13:05 Blood Bank department sign - several shots
13:13:43 Cellular Pathology and other department signs further down the hallway in background - several shots
13:14:18 Man looking in a microscope - from the side
13:14:41 Laboratory sign
13:14:54 Man looking in microscope - from above
13:15:18 Dr. Pati examining young boy's abdomen & chest in hospital ward
13:17:41 Pan of ward to Dr. Pati
*13:17:52 Pan from boy's face to Dr. Pati's back
13:18:13 Pan of men's ward
13:18:23 Pan from bed chart to Dr. Pati
13:18:49 Pan from chart on bed to ward
13:19:20 Pan from boy's face to chart on bed - several shots
13:19:51 Dr. Pati examining
13:20:26 Patient being admitted
13:20:34 Young man being helped by mother
13:20:50 Pan from mother holding young man's arms to faces
13:20:54 Hallway of hospital
13:21:08 Patient being x-rayed
13:22:04 Interview with woman patient in Kumudini Hospital bed (Bengali)
Q: How far did you travel to get here?
A: I traveled 35 miles from my district, Tangail. Q: What are you being treated for?
A: I had a gall stone operation. Q: Tell me about the care you get here.
A: It¹s very good.
13:23:31 Interview with man in Kumudini Hospital bed (Bengali)
Q: How far do you travel to get here?
A: It takes me 28 miles to get here.
Q: What are you being treated for?
A: I'm being treated for a perforated ulcer.
Q: Tell me about the care you get here.
A: I'm very satisfied. The sisters are taking very good care of me
END OF TAPE

TAPE 14
14:00:02 Inside operating theatre at Kumudini Hospital
14:00:12 Hysterectomy being performed - various angles
14:01:28 Dr. P.K. Roy shows a tumor from a uterus
14:01:43 Tubul Ligation being performed - various angles
14:04:18 Pregnant woman being examined
14:04:50 Women's ward - various shots
14:05:04 Various rack focus to woman's face in bed
14:05:18 Close-up of newborn baby - pan to mother's face
14:05:41 Close-up of newborn baby's face in mother's arms - rack focus to patient in background - various shots
14:05:57 Close-up of woman's face - rack focus to woman in background
14:06:13 Mother holding baby
14:06:34 Hospital laundry room
14:06:25 Baby laying next to mother
14:07:15 Young boy lying next to mother
14:07:32 Nurse walking through gate carrying linen
14:07:45 Front gate to young girl's school with children walking through
14:08:10 Shots of young girl students in hallway - various students
14:09:24 Young girls on swing - several angles
14:10:37 Young girls bathing with buckets
14:11:01 Young girls drying their hair and various close-up shots of young girls smiling
14:12:05 Exterior shot of school building
14:12:30 Various shots of students faces
14:12:46 The library - various shots
14:13:48 A crowd of students around Lynn
14:14:54 Pan from palm tree to exterior of Kumudini Trust
14:15:15 Pan from apartments - various shots
14:15:54 Pan of Kumudini grounds - various shots
14:16:51 Interview with chief surgeon, Dr. P.K. Roy, Kumudini Hospital, Mirzapur, Bangladesh
Q: What type of medical care are people in need of when they come here?
14:17:05 A: As you know it is a general hospital, so it has every wing like medical, surgical, gynecological, then under five clinics; an eye departments, dental departments, so it is the patient that comes and the doctors they separate them. So some people needs surgical treatment and some medical treatment, they get. So in medical department also there is children, male, female, like that. So here we get at least all type of medical diseases, patients comes to treat all this.
Q: How many people do you treat and/or operate on per day?
14:18:04 A: Usually in the surgical side we operate four days in a week, so in every operation we operate 10 to 12 major cases, like (sounds like "ectomy*s) prosthetectomy, like this, these are major operations. And for minor operations like appendectomy, hernia, hydroseal, so that -- it totally comes say 27, 30, 32 per day.
Q: What type of operations or procedures are performed?
14:18:42 A: We have in surgical side we usually operate all type of cases except thoracic and brain surgery. So most of them come for duodenal ulcer cases where we used to do (* "estomy¹s again) then stone in the gallbladder, stone in the kidney, then handle prostate for which we have to do a big operation called as prostotectomy, like this. But other small operations also they come for.
Q: Who faces the majority of health problems in Bangladesh; women, children or men?
14:19:24 A: Actually, the males, they are a little free, I think. They can move whenever they like. So majority of the patient they are male. But female are also - it would be a little less than male, and children, they also come, a good number of children also come. So in male to female ratio it will be the balance of 3 or 4 percent, but children they come more because parents are very conscious about their children, so whenever they see a problem they bring their children. But for women, they says -- they feel that, "Okay, I will go do this two days later or three days later". So that's why that number is a little less. But otherwise, the proportion is about the same. Thank you.
14:20:42 Interview with Dr. Pati, Superintendent, Medical Consultant, Kumudini Hospital
Q: What is the major health problems that Bangladeshis face both in the urban and rural areas?
14:20:51 A: As you know that this hospital is situated in a rural area although it's not really part of the city's center, the capital, which is many miles from here, but still it is surrounded by villages mainly, and so most of our patients who come to us are from the rural areas of different parts of Bangladesh. And among those are undernourishment, particularly the children and women, different types of malnutrition and running diarrhea diseases. It was the background and the situation from which they come, sanitation is not very good in those areas, that's the problem, and particularly from some areas where there is flood almost every year. So these elementic infections are very common among the villages, particularly children. Another major problem is ulcer, peptic ulcer, which is a great problem. Among children, that also applies to rural as well as urban children the acute respiratory infection and acute diahreal diseases. The other problems, there are of course various other infections like from the contaminated wound of aseptic abortions, they develop various other infections including tetanus which is, of course, a fatal disease. And because the mothers have little facilities in the rural areas to have a safe delivery or proper ante natal check up, eclempsia is a common problem here. I cannot tell you actually what percentage of the pregnant mothers are affected with eclempsia, but I feel that if they received ante natal care properly then this could've been prevented. And then it will bring down also maternal and child death. Neonatal tetanus is also a problem. And -- because you're from the umbilical stamp sepsis including and these children, the death rate of these children are very high. And tuberculosis, a great problem here, and of course peptic ulcer is a great problem, and various complications to peptic ulcer, that is medical problem and some of them also need operations because they develop complications which can be dealt with by surgical treatment. And from these ulcers also the malignancies in the stomach, particularly. We receive, because it's a big hospital, and we receive patients from all over the country. So the number of cases of stomach cancers is also quite high. And again, people living in unsanitary situations, they develop this viral hepatitis and as a result they develop liver disease. And we get quite a number of patients here where the liver is very badly effected for quite some time and as a result they develop fluid in the abdomen, fluid in various parts of the tissues and some of them develop also liver cancers. So mainly these are the problems we face here.
Q: What changes have you seen over the years in health care in Bangladesh?
14:25:14 A: I have seen -- I have been working in this hospital since 1954 and with the exception of periods I was abroad, but I have worked with this hospital for nearly 33 years. And I've seen that changes have taken place, like people have been provided with various facilities particularly in the thana, which is a unique community of I don't know how many villages with a population of about several, two, three hundred thousand probably, in each thana. Most thanas, they have been provided with a thana hospital where there are facilities for heart attack * beds, but how the facilities are provided there I have very little experience, but the little experience that I have -- have seen, that in most places they don't get -- the poor people who attend there, they don't get good supply of medicines, they have to buy from outside which is rather costly and some of them cannot afford it. And in many places I have received complaints from people who have come to us, they have said that they have gone to the thana health centers, or even district health centers, but they didn't get much care. And some of them also what was paying quite some money, very hard earned money for the low, middle class and poor people, but they didn't receive proper attention. There are some exceptions, no doubt about it, but in most cases they don't get the sympathetic feeling and care which they should get because they are the tax payers and they form the bulk of the country's population and they are the backbone of the country's economy. So -- and because most of the people from the villages are not properly educated or have little education, that they don't even also have the backbone of the unity to complain regarding these things so that these things could improve. But of course facilities are being provided, there are doctors, but providing doctors does not necessarily mean that the people will get proper health care. Of course (bell starts to ring*)
END OF TAPE.

TAPE 15
Interview continues with Dr. Pati - Kumudini Hospital
Q: What changes have you seen in health care over the years in Bangladesh ?
15:00:28
A: Yes, changes are taking place both in the government and private sectors. Now, after Bangladesh was born, there has been many NGO¹s that has come in to power to help the people in rural as well as urban areas giving health service to the middle class and low income group people. But, the health facilities which have been provided in the government health centers including some hospitals, medical college hospitals, that people that do not have much influence or money are not, they don¹t give very good health care. I feel very bad that many of them are asked to go to the clinics for better service which most cannot afford. Some do. They go by their badly needed money which they will spend for having some bit of food for themselves or their children, and so there's a great strain on their economy and there have been many health centers, particularly on the thana level. Thana means several hundred villages and have 200-300 thousand people living there and some union level. Union means which has about 20-25 village, some facilities will be provided, but in many cases that the doctors and other health personnel at the stations are not available most of the time. Also, some of the common medicines are not available most of the time. So the poor people who go there for help, they feel very discouraged. So the attendance is not very high in these areas so they turn to the rural, unqualified so-called doctors for treatment losing valuable time and many occasions people come to us when it becomes too late or has become so complicated that even their life is saved, but all their life they live in morbid. Another area that I see, of course, is sanitation has not improved which is very important for the development program. And, but one that has improved is the inoculation program with the help of UNICEF. An intensive inoculation program, that many of the children have been given against six very bad diseases which takes a large number of children's lives. So, it is improving very slowly like in the family planning sector, which is important again because more children means malnutrition in the worse form. Because the farming is not very good, so they themselves suffer from undernourishment and of course, the children. And as a result, they become very easy victims of various infective agents. That even makes the situation worse. The improvement has taken place, but not in the way, of course, there are lots of constraints that are very easy to criticize. But, to find the results in all of the things, but I feel people who are engaged in the health service, as well as, in the government level, urban and rural areas, thanas level, union and village level are people who are engaged in getting salary to do their job, in most cases, I think, I don't work hard enough. They don't care enough, so you can expect unfortunate situations. Delivery for the mothers in most cases are not safe, no ante-natal, very little physical or ante-natal check-up. And of course, because of another thing, various superstitions, some women, or young women, mothers are not very keen to come to the ante-natal clinics. Because the in-laws never care, never went to the hospital, because the facility is not available. And these days a facility not available, they don't think it is necessary to go and have a check-up. So they don't go to a doctor or a hospital when they find it very, very hard and they really suffer and badly. SO to cut down the infant mortality and maternal mortality, one has to see that it's a moral thing, health problem is not a single problem. It involves all aspects of human life. Some food has to be insured and some, then again, some peoples has to have jobs to earn a livelihood. There has to be more facilities for school children to go to school and they should also be educated. Just not in the bookish knowledge, but in the practical way to see that these are foods they should know at the school level that will give them proper nutrition. That they should be encouraged to have this inoculation taken and cleanliness of the place they should be taught from. They should be taught from the childhood. The same thing in the school level, college level, university level. People should be made aware about the problems in different aspects of our lives which they could contribute to improve. And the people who are just sitting idle doing nothing in the villages, they could be taught to give them some health education. To providing the government could give them some money to do these things. Or even if they are motivated to do it for free, because unless their environment, their situations doesn't improve, they cannot expect to have a better life for themselves or for their family members, including their children. And so people, also nowadays, there is a tendency, particularly in developing countries, to leave their villages and go to the city centers in search of various jobs so that they can maintain themselves and their families. The villages, but the rural areas, quite actually, Bangladesh leaps. I believe that is also true for other developing countries that the situation should be improved. So malaria is a thing which is coming back. Cholera is coming back. They are all spread by insects like mosquitoes, sand flies, various disease, hospitals, various pirous infections spread by mosquitoes bites, many of them. So again, unless nutrition is improved, these so you do have situations where they have good breeding places, they flourish and as a result, these infections are attacking people. Taking lives and also making many peoples lives, sort of, not worth living.
Q: How has Kumudini Hospital grown over the years?
15:09:47 A: From the very beginning, when I came here at the beginning, all these warts were there, but lately we have put importance also not only on the curative medicine, but also various types of preventative medicine as well. And we also have the nurses training center. We train the nurses so when they go back to their village people, their relations, by motivating them, by imparting the knowledge, which is their craft from here. We have started since the Liberation War, since Bangladesh was born, that we trained several hundreds of village mid-wives which help the expectant mothers and they feel very, very at home in the remote villages where doctors are not available. And they are doing good jobs and like for the idea, we train them how to prepare the wives, how much to give, how often to give, how to deal with common elemantic infections which the children mostly suffer from. How to sort of have a look to detect anemia and undernourishment of the mothers. early indications of night blindness in the babies, and the distribution of vitamin A capsules. Or some vegetables so that if they take it their daily food, daily diet, that is a preventable thing, because a large amount of children, they become blind from this vitamin A deficiency. A large percentage of course, because of blindness in Bangladesh, this is vitamin A deficiency. And we also have this ante-natal check-up center, vaccination center, and we have 13 village centers. And in some of them we have this trained mid-wives, some of the mid-wives who bring the expectant mothers and the children to see. And we also give vaccination too, particularly against tetanus to the expectant mothers so that the newborn is protected also from having tetanus which takes a great toll of life within the first month of their life. These are the facilities we have provided and added along with our curative center. But, of course, as you know, that this is a private hospital and we are getting more and more number of patients because the population has increased. And people, if you go to the cities, you will see a lot of tall buildings have been erected, but in the villages, the number of people who have become landless is increasing every year. So that there is not much of rural industry or cottage industry, but they can earn a living. So the economic situation of the poorer people is very bad so that they don¹t have sort of proper food and proper quantity. Proper food does not mean to the standard of the Western countries, but even the standard of Bangladesh what they should have to maintain reasonable health. So protein is not being available as you know, so the people's health as a whole is the standard of health, is rather poor. As a result they become easy victims of various infections and many of them die. Even now, because of these other situations, cholera and dysentery come in epidemic form. Large numbers of people, hundreds of peoples die which could be prevented. But in many places also, the village peoples they tell that you that they will be sunk, because there are no facilities to take care of the tubewells when something goes wrong. If I could put it right, because there is nobody trained to take care of that they just stop pumping and they again go back to whatever collection of water in the ponds or in the rivers. And they take it and along with that they take a lot of germs. So this chronic ill health going on, particularly in the rural areas and in the urban areas, in the slums, they are equally effected by these diseases, These are the biggest things people suffer from.
15:16:05 Nurses in classroom - various angles
15:17:47 Dentist working on patient
15:18:43 Exterior of Kumudini housing
15:20:01 Pan from pond to Kumudini housing
15:20:29 Kumudini housing
15:20:37 Pan from pond to Kumudini building
15:20:55 Kumudini housing - various shots
15:21:25 Pan from flower to exterior of Kumudini complex
15:22:36 Exteriors of Kumudini complex
15:23:41 Rice paddy at sunset
15:24:18 Rack focus from tree to man working in rice paddy
15:24:56 Pan up from rice paddy to workers in background
15:25:31 Rice paddy
15:26:11 Rice paddy with workers
15:26:27 Rice paddy at sunset
15:26:53 Men irrigating rice paddy by hand - several shots
15:28:05 Sunset over rice paddy
15:28:57 Zoom in on people walking with sunset
*15:29:13 Rickshaw with sunset
15:29:38 Sunset with rice paddy
15:29:55 Workers in rice paddy - pan to lady working in garden
15:30:48 Workers in rice paddy
15:31:30 Sunset - bottom of sun disappears in pollution

TAPE 16 3/5/97 Village shots north of Dhaka
*16:00:01 Female worker in bank
16:00:54 Exterior of bank
16:01:27 Shack in rice paddy
16:01:51 Two boys walking down path from shack through rice paddy
16:02:12 Zoom in to villagers at shack
*16:02:51 Two women pumping water - various shots
16:04:52 Men on bicycles on road
16:05:10 Women sifting rice in village
*16:05:32 Woman beating straw in village - various angles
16:07:41 Women sifting rice in village
*16:08:36 Silhouette of woman sifting rice with cows in background
16:09:07 Girl sweeping rice with broom
16:09:26 Girl spreading rice with feet (walking on rice)
*16:10:12 Girl spreading rice with feet with cow in foreground
16:10:56 Close-up of face of girl who was spreading rice with feet
16:11:57 Young girl standing in doorway - close-up of face
*16:12:50 Two women pounding rice - various angles
16:15:31 Mother and baby
16:15:52 Pan from rice paddy to workers
16:16:27 Rickshaws on country road
16:16:44 Workers in rice paddy - various shots
16:17:29 Rack focus from leaf to oxen pulling plow in rice paddy - various rack focuses
16:18:58 Workers in rice paddy - various shots
16:20:18 Rack focus from bush to oxen pulling plow in rice paddy - various rack focuses
16:21:21 Thatched hut
*16:21:49 Pan down to girl sitting in sunlight near thatched hut -various shots
16:22:21 Lady in doorway of thatched hut
16:22:43 Man weaving bamboo - various angles
16:24:09 Village scene (cows and women walking) - various shots
*16:25:57 Man weaving bamboo - various angles
16:27:08 Interior of hut
16:27:32 Baby goat lying next to colorful fabric
*16:27:52 Man weaving bamboo
*16:28:33 Little boy hanging onto back of rickshaw (Lynn's favorite shot)

TAPE 17 Road north of Dhaka 3/5/97
17:00:30 Women construction workers ( various shots )
17:02:55 Sunset shot over river ( various shots ) Maheskhali Island (off Cox's Bazaar) 3/5/97
17:09:03 Woman washing clothes in pond with naked children playing
17:10:02 Women washing clothes with canoe in background (several shots)
17:10:41 Zoom in to woman washing clothes in pond with naked children playing
17:11:02 Children bathing in pond
17:11:39 Pan from children bathing to women washing clothes
17:12:28 Tight shot of women washing clothes with canoe in background
17:12:40 Women's community group learning about child care in village setting - several angles
17:14:58 Tight shot of boy - pan to chicken walking around -back to boy
17:15:29 Lady recording income generated from lady's group (micro credit) (several shots)
17:16:41 Pan from tree in village to children
*17:16:52 Woman walking through village
17:17:10 Women making puffed rice balls inside hut (micro credit) (several shots)
17:19:45 Tight shot of little boy's face
17:19:54 Little girl holding baby in village
*17:20:29 Children carrying baskets along road (several shots)
17:21:55 Children bathing in polluted pond
17:22:15 Women & man cleaning and sorting paan leaves (several shots)
17:23:41 Woman pumping water from well (several shots)
17:24:23 Pan from water jug to colorful cloth hanging next to straw
17:24:33 Colorful cloth hanging next to straw
17:24:48 Construction stages of thatched roof
17:25:27 Village scene with clothes drying on thatched roof
17:25:42 Village meeting (several shots)
17:26:55 Silouhette shot of woman sewing in hut

TAPE 18 Maheskhali Island 3/6/97
18:00:29 Woman tending to cows (micro credit) (several shots)
18:01:49 Woman tending the garden (micro credit)
18:02:48 Man working in rice paddy
*18:03:21 Naked boy playing in rice paddy
18:03:29 Manual irrigation of rice paddy
*18:03:45 Naked boys playing in rice paddy (several shots)
18:05:21 Manual irrigation of rice paddy
18:06:25 Man riding elephant in village (several shots)
18:07:40 Camera riding on elephant
18:08:54 Elephant trumpets
18:09:06 Crowds of people loading on to boats (various shots)
18:10:52 Typical large cargo boat
18:11:17 Crowds of people on boat taxis
18:11:59 Shot of Ikram in boat
18:12:10 Men paddling small boats
18:12:35 Typical shots of boats in small harbor - small and large boats
18:15:09 Following alongside colorful painted fishing boat(various shots) - good tight shots of workers
18:17:26 Harbor scene at Maheskhali Island - congested with small boats - various shots
18:18:06 Men unloading lettuce off boat
18:18:37 Shots of tomatoes being unloaded
*18:18:56 Paan being stacked at market - various shots
18:20:00 Market scene
18:20:34 Two children carrying bananas on stick
*18:20:40 Dried fish market - various shots
18:21:49 Pan from dried fish down to woman leaning against wall
18:21:59 Traveling shot through village (lots of rickshaws)
*18:22:26 Community center of Prism Bangladesh
18:23:15 Pathway through village with lots of palm trees
18:23:34 Water buffaloes in village
*18:23:58 Pan of pond in village with lots of palm trees
*18:24:23 Pan from bamboo to paan nursery in rice paddy
18:24:34 Two men walking down path
18:25:02 Shots of men pruning paan bush in nursery
18:28:12 Exterior of paan nursery in rice paddy - various shots
18:30:04 Bamboo trees
18:31:04 Children standing in village

TAPE 19 Maheskhali Island 3/7/97
19:00:10 Men digging ditch in mud in salt pond - numerous shots
19:05:52 Manual irrigation of salt pond - various angles
19:07:02 Men scraping surface of salt - various shots
19:10:23 Wide shots of salt ponds
19:11:24 Men spreading salt in pit - various shots
19:12:06 Man pushing roller in salt pond - various shots
19:13:00 Close-up of salt in man's hand
19:13:27 Men digging ditch in mud in salt pond -various shots
19:14:14 Fish drying - various shots
19:15:04 Men stringing dried fish
19:15:13 Dried fish hanging on fence
19:15:32 Men stringing dried fish under bamboo roof
19:16:29 Ikram visiting woman store owner (micro credit) - several takes
19:18:23 Woman store owner selling goods - several takes

TAPE 20 Maheskhali Island 3/7/97
20:00:40 Woman working on loom - several shots
20:01:40 Colorful woven material - various shots
20:03:21 Young woman crocheting
20:04:10 Child weaving on small loom - various shots
20:04:55 Children weaving on small looms
20:06:56 Young woman crocheting - various shots
20:07:41 Pan from tree to village hut
20:07:58 Children weaving on small looms
*20:08:14 Young woman crocheting under hut - various shots
20:10:04 General shots of people in village
20:10:20 Prism Bangladesh sign on community center - several shots
20:12:19 Man building bamboo fence - several shots
Dhaka 3/8/97
20:18:46 FemCom camera setup
20:19:44 Shot of production assistant
20:20:24 Female camera operator - various shots
20:20:48 Female camera operator and production assistant - various shots
Narayanganj, Bangladesh/ Kumudini 3/9/97
20:24:03 Man unloading jute from boat - several shots
20:26:08 Pan from jute on boat to jute being unloaded from boat - various shots
20:26:54 Men unloading jute from boat - several shots

TAPE 21 HANDICRAFTS/Kumudini Narayanganj, Bangladesh
21:00:32 Exterior of Kumudini Trust - various pans and pulls
21:02:00 Strands of colorful yarn
21:02:37 Woman transferring pattern to cloth - poking holes in paper
21:03:08 Close-up of woman embroidering cloth
21:04:12 Women embroidering
21:04:29 Woman transferring pattern to cloth - wiping blue dye over paper
21:05:12 Women inspecting finished embroidery - various shots
21:06:09 Ikram inspecting embroidered blanket - various shots
21:07:09 Woman cutting pattern out of fabric
21:07:51 Young girl sewing on manual sewing machine -various shots
21:08:36 Shots of finished products
21:12:52 Men dying yarn - various shots
21:16:25 Embroidered blanket hanging to dry - several shots
21:17:34 Hand blocking material - various shots
21:18:16 Shelves of wooden pattern blocks
21:18:28 Close-up of pattern block - various shots
21:19:31 Hand blocking materia
l 21:20:23 Finished product of hand blocking
21:20:45 Man hand blocking material - various shots
21:22:22 Shelves of wooden pattern blocks
21:23:06 Kumudini Handicraft Centre sign - several shots
21:24:03 Inside jute factory - men beating jute - various shots
21:26:03 Boys making jute rope
21:26:28 Men compressing jute into bales - several shots
21:27:19 Men weighing bales of jute - various shots
21:28:28 Men compressing bales of jute - several shots
21:30:12 Men carrying jute up ramp
21:30:38 Machinery - several shots

TAPE 22 Kumudini - Narayanganj, Bangladesh
Interview with Mrs. Pati's daughter-in-law, Shreyasee
22:00:33 Q. What programs have you developed here at Kumudini that focus on women?
22:00:39 A. First of all, the Kumudini is an old N.G.O. in Bangladesh. It's started it's work in 1940s and it started with a hospital and a school, with the dormitory facilities for girls.
22:01:07 Q. What programs have you developed here at Kumudini that focus on women?
22:01:11 A. So first of all, Kumudini is one of the oldest N.G.O.s in Bangladesh and it started its work in 1940. So that's where -- that's when hospital and a school for girls with dormitory facilities started. And basically, you can see from the very beginning Kumudini paid an extra attention for development of women's education, women's medical care, and everything for women. That was one of the most important objectives the founder wanted the institution to play. I personally involved in handicraft project which started in 1980 and we now have more than 18,000 girls working for this institution. They are not all working one place. They are scattered all over Bangladesh, and they're reviving the crafts of the country being everywhere in Bangladesh. So it's sort of living testimony of Kumudini for the country. And we have -- what programs we have is that we are giving the work to the women in the rural and urban areas, we are promoting and teaching -- giving them opportunities to earn money, to develop themselves, to make them self-sufficient. We are paying an extra attention and teaching them the facilities of education, giving them facilities of, you know, explaining the sanitation, medical care, and many other aspects of life; proper nutrition. Plus, we also involve other N.G.O.s like Broshika, like Prism, Brac and other N.G.O.s who are also involved with development programs in our country. And we are along working with them to improve the work with women in our country. Plus, N.G.O.s basically are doing the monitoring work for us in the fields where women are staying.
22:03:55 Q. What problems do you see that women face here in Bangladesh?
22:03:59 A. Mainly -- one of the biggest problems, I feel, is lack of funds and number two is lack of education. And plus, the women in our country are partly restricted because of our social structure and social security. So it's not often -- it doesn't often happen that women can just go out and start working. They have lots of different obligations. Plus, recently our government is paying really attention for women's education that was not there before. So that's how our most -- a part of the population are not really literate. These are the major problems that women face in our country and those are the reasons why they cannot get proper employment so they don't get proper funds and they cannot really sustain themselves.
22:05:13 Q. Why the focus on women?
22:05:16 A. Well, because maybe, nowadays -- I don't think I have to tell you why women are becoming so important. Women are the future of our country. They bring up the future generation. They're the ones who look after us in our house, they look after our sanitation, nutrition. If the mother of the family is not educated then there is less chance for the child to be educated, for the girl of the family to be educated, for the future of our country to be educated properly. So it is very important that women in our country stand on their feet, should understand everything and should fight for their rights.
22:06:09 Interview with Mr. Mohammad Ikramullah/CEO PRISM Bangladesh
22:06:16 Q. What does an N.G.O. such as Prism Bangladesh do?
22:06:20 A. N.G.O. (redo question)
22:06:31 Q. What does an N.G.O. such as Prism Bangladesh do?
22:06:36 A. As I was explaining to you earlier that an N.G.O. stands for a Non Government Organization which is basically doing the same social services to the communities. Most of the N.G.O.s in countries like Bangladesh provide much needed services like -- social services like health care, education, economic activities, employment generation plus mobilization of the poor. That's what I think normally N.G.O. do in countries like Bangladesh; focus on the need of particular communities and particularly the poor, women being especially the case that we're trying to increase the participation of women in our mainstream economic activities where women is like 54 percent of the population, you know, but they are not participating in that clear manner. So in other words, N.G.O. is a representation of both what government is supposed to do and also the commercial sector on profit basis does it but N.G.O. does it on a more volunteer basis sustainable focused at a particularly needy group of people.
22:07:49 Q. What problems do the people of Bangladesh face and how is Prism addressing these problems?
22:07:54 A. My response would be actually people of Bangladesh are very hard working. If you were to ask me, I'd say given the condition that prevails in the country. Our -- 67 percent of the population is landless or marginal farmers who eek out a living with a small parcel of land and they live at the edge of I'd say real poverty, I mean real poverty in terms of -- but if I go and see these people they are so enthused, they are so hard working. The major problem that they face is a resource constraint, but other than -- education I think is a major problem, health care -- basic amenities like health care services for marketing their products, employment generation, opportunities in their life is what I feel is the major problems, you know, in the country. One of the problems that is arising here, and I'd like to make an emphasis on this, that I think the environmental issue is going to become a very big issue. Bangladesh is a small country, very highly populated, 120 million people packed into 50,000 square miles. The land isn't increasing anymore. In fact, the land is decreasing with the increase of habitat and other infrastructure development . So even the organic waste that we generate as a nation, if we don't know how to manage that it's going to have a big impact on the sanitation, on the health -- the general health and of course on our environment.
22:09:28 Q. Explain micro credit.
22:09:30 A. Well, again, micro credit is an answer to what is traditional financial services available from an institution like bank to businesses, normal businesses, but credit was never available to the poorest of the poor who had no asset, no collateral, no equity participation. And not only that, because of lack of education and their station in life they couldn't approach institutions for small financing. It basically means very small financing for individual employment generation of -- or income generation for the people so they borrow, let's say, to produce some crops where they need some capital for buying the seed, buying the fertilizer, buying the water for irrigation, land preparation, and once the crop is made he wants to hold onto the crop so that he can get proper price. So the money that's provided is actually minuscule, like 50 dollars for the average farmer, 60 dollars for an average farmer. That is what we term as micro credit. But in the longer thing I think it's even bigger, meaning credit which is focused at the weakest and the poorest of the people who have no ability to manage finance, who have no ability to, what-do-you-call, approach institution, a financial institution, making credit rich those people taking the banking to the -- and it means it should be tied to other social services, not only the money itself, but seeing that that money he -- the person that's receiving that credit is effectively used to provide her -- him or her an improved livelihood or to have an upward mobility in his or her life.
22:11:20 Q. What do you see for the future of these programs in Bangladesh?
22:11:23 A: I think that Bangladesh has shown leading agencies and particularly NGO activities, I am very proud to say, that Bangladesh has in many ways shown the world that hopeless situations can be turned and into like one case, is like Grameen Bank. Which in fact has taught the world that micro-credit works, and in fact the borrowers, the poorest borrowers, borrowers like women that have nothing, no assets, are the best borrowers. And they are the most reliable borrowers and that they can very effectively use credit for increasing their income, and, of course, thereby improving their livelihood standards or their station in life. Now, Grameen Bank is one case and secondly, I'd say, is the kind of work we do using Duckweed, a very highly nutrient crop grown in waste water, thereby purifying the water also. And using looking at waste water as a resource as something that has been very successfully developed here. Another case here is small irritations, which are manual irrigation units have been very successfully introduced in Bangladesh. A number of very successful handpumps have been developed in Bangladesh. Even the ante-natal program, the vaccination program, the rural drinking water supply program, which have been implemented from NGO, have been very, very successful in Bangladesh. So I think, the NGO provides a forum for participation of the people, to insure the participation of our partners, the poor people equally like others. And then developing, taking their future in their own hand and developing them. I see a bright future for NGO activities in Bangladesh. Thank you.
22:13:29 Q: Explain the Duckweed water purification process, please.
22:13:34 A: Duckweed is a microphyle which lives by, propagates by picking up nutrients from the water bodies. It's a floating microphyle so it picks up nutrients from the water bodies. The waste water contains a large amount of nutrients that Duckweed loves. So, if you have a clone of very healthy Duckweed growing over a waste water pond or waste water lagoon, Duckweed is continuously picking up the nutrients from the waste water and converting it into rich, protein rich biomass and that biomass can be used a animal feed, as a fertilizer, organic fertilizer; particularly in Bangladesh, we have very, very successfully used that biomass as a full complete fish feed. You must understand it's an organic process, no chemical, there's nothing. All you need to do is farm Duckweed on a waste water body and if you do it effectively and maintain a very good crop, you very effectively remove the nutrients from the water, thereby purifying the water. We have found that even with a coverage, a certain percent of coverage on the water body, you can suppress algae growth. Kill the algaes, because your photosynthesis is reduced in the water. And also we have found that in a water column, if you can hold the water column for 22 days, 80-90% , 99% of the pathogens die off. So that is the process that you, by growing a crop on waste water and continuously harvesting, that is actively removing the nutrients in the form of Duckweed biomass from the water body, you treat the water body.
22:15:33 Q: How did you come up with this idea?
22:15:36 A: Well, I must there has been a huge amount of research done on Duckweed globally. But people have looked at this as an amazing plant, as I was explaining to you, very rich in nutrient like protein. It has a very good amino acid profile, vitamins, zentophylle, so it has this food value. An enormous food value. It also has an amazing capacity, tolerance for different nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium. Those are the compounds you get in waste water. And it vegetatively multiplies, so if given the ideal conditions, in 28 hours, the standing biomass will be double. So it has enormous potential. A lot of scientists all over the world have been doing different scientific research with it. But nobody has tried to farm Duckweed as a crop, a sustained crop. And having read about this and coming to know about this, I became intrigued because Bangladesh represents an ideal condition. We have a huge amount of organic waste being produced, agricultural waste being produced. We have huge water bodies, something like 500,000 hectare of derelict, under utilized water bodies, which are in fact collecting this organic waste water being generated by the community and the animal kingdom. So that is what prompted me, I looked at this organic waste water that is being generated by the communities, and these water bodies that are lying under utilized that we could use for Duckweed farming. So that is how it came out to be. I'm happy and I'm glad to tell you that I think we have in Bangladesh, we have achieved Duckweed farming as a continuous, 365 day a year crop, with a production exceeding more than 700kg, wet weight per day per hectare. And we have been able to sustain fish production, fed only on fresh Duckweed, of 10 ton per hectare per year.
22:17:50 Q: Can this be used universally?
22:17:52 A: Of course, since the last 4-5 years, a huge interested has been generated, particularly in Asia. Like our neighboring country, like India is interested. India represents a huge potential, China has started Duckweed. And in ancient days, ? has been known to use Duckweed, even as a human food, as watercress, a salad. So I'd say, almost 50% of the countries can use this technology and particularly this crop to increase protein production and for also for a resource for recovery from waste water. We've also successfully introduced it to Peru, and was very interesting, I'm sorry I haven't followed it up but I think we we've done it in semi arid countries like Peru and it's potential yes. Yes, a lot of potential.
22:54:00 Q: What are the related problems in Bangladesh ?
22:57:00 A: One is, as I was explaining to you, the country is small, the population is very high, almost 120 million people living in 50 thousand sq. miles, I'll be a little more graphic now, producing 48 thousand tons of dry fecal matter everyday, most of going into nature, and as I explained to you, we are a deltide country. So we have a lot of water bodies. Water is our sustainer of life, our land. So Bangladesh has huge potential in terms of utilizing number one excess labor we have in the agriculture sector where land fragmentation has been so widely happened we have a lot of labor available. That those water bodies which are not being utilized and of course the organic waste being produced there. And I think environmental. issues becoming a major problem in Bangladesh. I think Bangladesh has enormous potential and I think we should get into this. There is another thing I want to mention here is, the shortage of protein food for even humans, nutrition being a major problem. particularly for children. We like fish, we love fish, but there's a Huge shortage of fish for a protein source and this give us the potential of using our fallow resources for the nation.
22:20:27 Q: Can this process be taught to villagers so they can understand it and produce the plant themselves?
22:20:33 A: It's like any agriculture crop, except it's a aquatic crop and it's been my experience having introduced here for few years, any new crop, the farmers need a little support, a little training, support and if you look at soybean if you look at ????, it took 30-40 years for the farmers to widely accept it. But I'm very hopeful because we have been successfully able to demonstrate by using waste and producing the crop you can really make money and take care of your other environmental problem including sanitation problem. so I'd say yes.
22:21:21 Q: Have some of the local villagers tried this already ?
22:21:24 A: Yeah, we are intensively working in three districts in Bangladesh., like Mirzapur which was visited by the members of this crew and one is in Manikganj and the other is in Khulna where we have now about 98 enterprises of landless, women and poor farmers engaged in duckweed based pisiculture, or fish farming. And a total of 1200-1300 producers, I'd like to go much faster but, as I was explaining to you earlier, being a new crop, it's a bit sensitive, the crop is sensitive to weather changes, temperature, some of the factors like nutrient availability, the PH of the water. So I'm hopeful again, given the support, technical support to our rural farmers, this can expanded much farther. We are having right now a research program, named the duckweed research program, which is to tryout in field conditions, in rural conditions, different production paradimes which is suitable for duckweed and I hope it will give us some production

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